Enable building on ARM and MacOS

[Groxan]

This PR proposes adjustments to the BUILD files and minor fixes to the codebase to enable building on ARM and MacOS, that helps to reduce requirements for the dev environment and therefore significantly improve dev experience.

The following notable changes have been done:

• Migrated from the Bazel 5.4.0 with the old WORKSPACE mechanism to the latest Bazel 7.2.1 with Bzlmod, Bazel's new modular external dependency management system that enables more efficient dependency and toolchain resolution;
• Made use of Bazelisk, which is the recommended way to work with Bazel, because it simplifies installation and allows to easily switch between different versions when you work on multiple projects that use different versions of Bazel;
• Improved Dockerfile and dependency installation: moved all deps into a single script and removed unused deps;
• Bumped LLVM to 17.0.6, mainly because 12.0.0 doesn't have precompiled binaries for MacOS;
• Added Blake2s implementation optimized for ARM.

Here is how you can try it on Linux x86/ARM and MacOS x86/ARM:

git clone https://github.com/baking-bad/stone-prover
cd stone-prover
./install_deps.sh
bazelisk build //...
bazelisk test //...