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Basics of computing

Hexadecimal hexadecimal

Colors colors

Image Image

Charsets and encodings

  • ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange (1967)

    • printable ASCIIprintable
    • complete ASCIIcomplete

  • Code Pages

    • DOS characters in DOSIBM PC cp437
    • Icelandic, Nordic, Greek and Windows 1252Icelandic cp861, Denmark/Norway cp865, Greek cp737 Windows-1252
    • Central European and KOI8-R pagesCentral European cp852, KOI8-R

  • Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (1964)

  • A Programming Language - EBCDIC cp 293 APL: A Programming Language - EBCDIC CodePage 293 (1966)

  • PETSCII PETSCII - PET Standard Code of Information Interchange / CBM ASCII (1977-)

File formats

Containers:

  • IFF: EA Interchange File Format (1985)
  • RIFF: Resource Interchange File Format (1991)
  • CFBF/CDFv2: Compound file binary format / Composite Document file v2 (DOCFILE / D0CF11E) (1997-2004)
  • EBML: Extensible Binary Meta Language (2002)
  • ISOBMFF: ISO Base Media File Format (2004?)

Executables

  • ELF - Executable and linkable format

Microsoft

  • Com (Dos [transient] commands)

  • Exe - MZ executable [DOS] (1981-)

    • EXE (PE Dos Stub)

  • Pif - Program information File (Windows 1-, 1985-)

  • NE - New Executable (Windows 1-2000, 1985-2000)

  • LE - Linear Executable (DOS, 1992)

  • PE - Portable executable (Windows NT 3.1-, 1993-)

Apple

  • Rsrc - Resource fork (Mac System 1-, 1984)

  • Pef - Preferred Executable Format (Mac System 7-9 , 1991-1999)

  • Macho - Mach Object (NeXTSTEP, MacOS, iOS)

    • (Little 32b)
    • (Little 64b)
    • (Big 32b PowerPC)
    • (Big 64b PowerPC)

  • Fat/Universal Mach-o

Others

  • Class - Java / JVM (1994)

  • DEX - Dalvik Executable [Android] (2008?)

  • Swf - ShockWave Flash / Small web file (1995?)

  • Dol - Nintendo Dolphin (Gamecube, Wii, 2001-2017)

    • executable
    • complete header

  • NRO - NX (Nintendo Switch) Relocatable Object

  • OFF - OS/360 Object File format [EBCDIC] (1966?)

  • Tos - GEMDOS Program format [Atari ST] (1985)

  • Hunk - Amiga Hunk [Commodore AmigaOS] (1985)

  • TE - Terse Executable [UEFI] (2017?)

  • Wasm - WebAssembly (2017)

Images

  • Png - Portable Network graphics (1996)

  • Jpeg (JFIF) - Joint Photographic Experts Group - File Interchange Format (1992)

  • Dicom - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (1985)

  • Psd - PhotoShop Document (1990)

  • Xbm - X BitMap (X11 1989)

  • Netpbm (1988)

    • Pgm - Portable Graymap
    • Ppm - Portable Pixmap

  • [I]Lbm - Interleaved Bitmap [IFF] (1985)

  • BMP - Bitmap [Windows 2 (1987)]

    • v1
    • v3 (1991)
    • v5 (1998)

Gif - Graphics Interchange Format (1987)

  • v89, with a comment

  • TIFF - Tag Image File Format (1986)

    • little endian
    • big endian

  • PCX - Zsoft Picture exchange [DOS] (1982)

    • 16 colors
    • 256 colors

  • TGA/TARGA - TrueVision [Advanced Raster] Graphics Adapter (1984)

  • ICO - Windows icon (1985)

    • w/ BMP (1995?)
    • w/ PNG (2006)

  • Pif - Portable Image Format (2022)

  • Qoi - Quite Ok Image (2021)

  • 1ba - 1-bit animation (2023)

Videos

  • Mp4 [ISOBMFF] (2001)

  • Mkv - Matroska video [EBML] (2002)

  • Y4M - Yuv4mpeg (2001)

    • (mono)
    • (yuv)

Archives

  • Zlib/Deflate/Zip/GZIP?

  • Gzip - GNU zip (1992)

  • Ar - Archive (1971)

  • Tar - Tape archive (1979)

  • Copy [files] In & out [of archives] (1977)

    • binary
    • ASCII

  • Zip - PkZip (1989)

  • Lzma - Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm (1998)

    • with End of Stream marker

  • 7zip (1999)

  • Xz (2009)

  • Cab - Microsoft Cabinet File (Mscf) (1995?)

  • Rpm - Redhat/RPM Package Manager (1997)

  • Rar - Roschal Archive (1993)

    • v1.4
    • v4 (1996)
    • v5 (2013)

  • Arj - Archived by Robert Jung (1991?)

  • bz2 - Bzip2 (1996)

Wad - Where's all the data? (1993)

  • (structure)

  • (in Doom)

  • Zstd - Zstandard (2015)

    • w/ Skippable frame

  • LZ4 (2011)

Documents

  • Eps - Encapsulated PostScript (1987)

  • Pdf - Portable document format (1992)

  • RTF - Rich text format (1987)

  • Microsoft Office

    • Msi - Microsoft Installer [CFB]
    • Docm - WordML/WordProcessingML (Microsoft Office XML format) - XML (2002
    • ActiveMime - MSO XML Bindata
    • Docx - Doc XML (Office Open XML) - ZIP+XMLs (2006)

Multiplan - Excel:

  • Sylk - Symbolic link - Multiplan 1 (1984-), Excel 1 (1986-)

  • Biff - Binary Interchange File Format

    • v2: v2, 1989 (raw)
    • v8: 97-2003, 1998-2004 [CFB]

  • CHM - Compiled HTML help - Info-Tech Storage Format (1997)

  • One - One Note (2014-)

  • Wmf - Windows Metafile Format (1992)

    • with Placeable header

  • Emf - Enhanced Metafile Format (1993)

Sound

  • 8svx - 8-bit sample voice [Amiga][Iff] (1985)

  • AIFF - Audio interchange file format [Apple][Iff] (1988)

    • AIFC / AIFF-C - Compressed (1991)

  • Wav - Waveform [Riff] (1991)

  • Rmi - Riff Midi [Riff]

  • Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface

Metadata

  • IPTC IIM / International Press Telecommunications Council - Information Interchange Model (1991)
  • Exif - Exchangeable Image File Format (1995)
  • XMP - Extensible Metadata Platform (2001)

Others

  • Mbr+DPT - Master Boot Record with Disk Partitions Table (1983)

  • Lnk - Shell link [Windows] (1995?)

  • Cdix - ClangD Index [Riff] (2018)

  • Hex records - Intel[lec] Hexadecimal object (1973)

  • Uf2 - USB Flashing format (2016)

Opcodes:

101

Dissection with more descriptions, and explanations (my initial style of binary posters).

source Inkscape SVGs and PoC with their sources are included

PE 101

Others

Structures

A layout of the various format's structures

Opcodes' tables

Available in compact

or 'with descriptions' formats

Cryptography

Jneavat! N qnatrebhf pelcgbtencuvp bowrpg vf urnqvat lbhe jnl....