diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 7acd89b67..8607de368 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 files: "libpysal\/"
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: "v0.3.5"
+    rev: "v0.5.0"
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
       - id: ruff-format
diff --git a/libpysal/cg/kdtree.py b/libpysal/cg/kdtree.py
index c050dbf34..6adbe7d62 100644
--- a/libpysal/cg/kdtree.py
+++ b/libpysal/cg/kdtree.py
@@ -126,8 +126,7 @@ def count_neighbors(self, other, r, p=2):
         if r > 0.5 * self.circumference:
             raise ValueError(
                 "r, must not exceed 1/2 circumference of the sphere (%f)."
-                % self.circumference
-                * 0.5
+                % (self.circumference * 0.5)
             )
         r = sphere.arcdist2linear(r, self.radius)
         return temp_KDTree.count_neighbors(self, other, r)
@@ -208,8 +207,7 @@ def query_ball_point(self, x, r, p=2, eps=0):
         if r > 0.5 * self.circumference:
             raise ValueError(
                 "r, must not exceed 1/2 circumference of the sphere (%f)."
-                % self.circumference
-                * 0.5
+                % (self.circumference * 0.5)
             )
         r = sphere.arcdist2linear(r, self.radius) + FLOAT_EPS * 3
         return temp_KDTree.query_ball_point(self, self._toXYZ(x), r, eps=eps)
@@ -248,8 +246,7 @@ def query_ball_tree(self, other, r, p=2, eps=0):
         if r > 0.5 * self.circumference:
             raise ValueError(
                 "r, must not exceed 1/2 circumference of the sphere (%f)."
-                % self.circumference
-                * 0.5
+                % (self.circumference * 0.5)
             )
         r = sphere.arcdist2linear(r, self.radius) + FLOAT_EPS * 3
         return temp_KDTree.query_ball_tree(self, other, r, eps=eps)
@@ -277,8 +274,7 @@ def query_pairs(self, r, p=2, eps=0):
         if r > 0.5 * self.circumference:
             raise ValueError(
                 "r, must not exceed 1/2 circumference of the sphere (%f)."
-                % self.circumference
-                * 0.5
+                % (self.circumference * 0.5)
             )
         r = sphere.arcdist2linear(r, self.radius) + FLOAT_EPS * 3
         return temp_KDTree.query_pairs(self, r, eps=eps)
@@ -311,8 +307,7 @@ def sparse_distance_matrix(self, other, max_distance, p=2):
         if max_distance > 0.5 * self.circumference:
             raise ValueError(
                 "max_distance, must not exceed 1/2 circumference of the sphere (%f)."
-                % self.circumference
-                * 0.5
+                % (self.circumference * 0.5)
             )
         max_distance = sphere.arcdist2linear(max_distance, self.radius) + FLOAT_EPS * 3
         d = temp_KDTree.sparse_distance_matrix(self, other, max_distance)
diff --git a/libpysal/cg/shapes.py b/libpysal/cg/shapes.py
index 369c4d7d9..650b58e08 100644
--- a/libpysal/cg/shapes.py
+++ b/libpysal/cg/shapes.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def asShape(obj):
         geo = obj.__geo_interface__ if hasattr(obj, "__geo_interface__") else obj
 
         if hasattr(geo, "type"):
-            raise TypeError("%r does not appear to be a shape object." % (obj))
+            raise TypeError(f"{obj!r} does not appear to be a shape object.")
 
         geo_type = geo["type"].lower()
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def asShape(obj):
         if geo_type in _geoJSON_type_to_Pysal_type:
             obj = _geoJSON_type_to_Pysal_type[geo_type].__from_geo_interface__(geo)
         else:
-            raise NotImplementedError("%s is not supported at this time." % geo_type)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"{geo_type} is not supported at this time.")
 
     return obj
 
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ def __from_geo_interface__(cls, geo: dict):
         elif geo["type"].lower() == "multilinestring":
             verts = [list(map(Point, part)) for part in geo["coordinates"]]
         else:
-            raise TypeError("%r is not a Chain." % geo)
+            raise TypeError(f"{geo!r} is not a Chain.")
         return cls(verts)
 
     @property
diff --git a/libpysal/cg/standalone.py b/libpysal/cg/standalone.py
index 9bf16135c..e5d3ac7bb 100644
--- a/libpysal/cg/standalone.py
+++ b/libpysal/cg/standalone.py
@@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ def distance_matrix(X, p=2.0, threshold=5e7):
         X.shape = (X.shape[0], 1)
 
     if X.ndim > 2:
-        msg = "Should be 2D point coordinates: %s dimensions present." % X.ndim
+        msg = f"Should be 2D point coordinates: {X.ndim} dimensions present."
         raise TypeError(msg)
 
     n, k = X.shape
diff --git a/libpysal/cg/tests/test_segmentLocator.py b/libpysal/cg/tests/test_segmentLocator.py
index 4d6671411..44fa9b5f1 100644
--- a/libpysal/cg/tests/test_segmentLocator.py
+++ b/libpysal/cg/tests/test_segmentLocator.py
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ def setup_method(self):
 
     def test_nearest_1(self):
         # Center
-        assert [0, 1, 2, 3] == self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 5.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 5.0))) == [0, 1, 2, 3]
         # Left Edge
-        assert [0] == self.grid.nearest(Point((0.0, 5.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((0.0, 5.0))) == [0]
         # Top Edge
-        assert [1] == self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 10.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 10.0))) == [1]
         # Right Edge
-        assert [2] == self.grid.nearest(Point((10.0, 5.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((10.0, 5.0))) == [2]
         # Bottom Edge
-        assert [3] == self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 0.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 0.0))) == [3]
 
     def test_nearest_2(self):
         # Left Edge
-        assert [0, 1, 3] == self.grid.nearest(Point((-100000.0, 5.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((-100000.0, 5.0))) == [0, 1, 3]
         # Right Edge
-        assert [1, 2, 3] == self.grid.nearest(Point((100000.0, 5.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((100000.0, 5.0))) == [1, 2, 3]
         # Bottom Edge
-        assert [0, 2, 3] == self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, -100000.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, -100000.0))) == [0, 2, 3]
         # Top Edge
-        assert [0, 1, 2] == self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 100000.0)))
+        assert self.grid.nearest(Point((5.0, 100000.0))) == [0, 1, 2]
diff --git a/libpysal/graph/_set_ops.py b/libpysal/graph/_set_ops.py
index a2cf62e76..be0cd80f4 100644
--- a/libpysal/graph/_set_ops.py
+++ b/libpysal/graph/_set_ops.py
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ def intersects(self, right):
         intersection = self._adjacency.index.drop(self.isolates).intersection(
             right._adjacency.index.drop(right.isolates)
         )
-        if len(intersection) > 0:
-            return True
-        return False
+        return len(intersection) > 0
 
     def intersection(self, right):
         """
diff --git a/libpysal/graph/_spatial_lag.py b/libpysal/graph/_spatial_lag.py
index f591aaa9f..77124958e 100644
--- a/libpysal/graph/_spatial_lag.py
+++ b/libpysal/graph/_spatial_lag.py
@@ -137,9 +137,7 @@ def _check_ties(focal):
     """
 
     max_count = focal.weight.max()
-    if (focal.weight == max_count).sum() > 1:
-        return True
-    return False
+    return (focal.weight == max_count).sum() > 1
 
 
 def _get_categorical_lag(focal, ties="random"):
diff --git a/libpysal/io/fileio.py b/libpysal/io/fileio.py
index fbe06007d..d9e934af7 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/fileio.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/fileio.py
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def cast(self, key, typ):
                 except AssertionError:
                     raise TypeError("Cast objects must be callable.") from None
         else:
-            raise KeyError("%s" % key)
+            raise KeyError(f"{key}")
 
     def _cast(self, row) -> list:
         """
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def _cast(self, row) -> list:
                 r = []
                 for f, v in zip(self._spec, row, strict=True):
                     try:
-                        if not v and f != str:
+                        if not v and not isinstance(f, str):
                             raise ValueError
                         r.append(f(v))
                     except ValueError:
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_dbf.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_dbf.py
index 18debe160..42108ba42 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_dbf.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_dbf.py
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def write(self, obj, useIdIndex=False):
                     self.pos = self.file.pos
 
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def flush(self):
         self._complain_ifclosed(self.closed)
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_swm.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_swm.py
index 149417457..78d69508d 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_swm.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_swm.py
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ def write(self, obj, useIdIndex=False):  # noqa: N803
         self._complain_ifclosed(self.closed)
 
         if not issubclass(type(obj), W):
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
         if (type(obj.id_order[0]) not in (np.int32, np.int64, int)) and not useIdIndex:
             raise TypeError("ArcGIS SWM files support only integer IDs.")
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_txt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_txt.py
index 5196c8f52..bf9c3f8ad 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_txt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/arcgis_txt.py
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ def write(self, obj, useIdIndex=False):  # noqa: N803
                 id2i = obj.id2i
                 obj = remap_ids(obj, id2i)
 
-            header = "%s\n" % self.varName
+            header = f"{self.varName}\n"
             self.file.write(header)
             self._writelines(obj)
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/dat.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/dat.py
index af13b82d3..390a16565 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/dat.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/dat.py
@@ -133,4 +133,4 @@ def write(self, obj):
         if issubclass(type(obj), W):
             self._writelines(obj)
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gal.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gal.py
index ca24c6493..bdc941b07 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gal.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gal.py
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ def write(self, obj):
                 self.file.write(" ".join(map(str, neighbors)) + "\n")
             self.pos += 1
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/geobugs_txt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/geobugs_txt.py
index 8bd423f60..3ae23d9df 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/geobugs_txt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/geobugs_txt.py
@@ -272,13 +272,13 @@ def write(self, obj):
                 weights.extend(obj.weights[i])
 
             self.file.write("list(")
-            self.file.write("num=c(%s)," % ",".join(map(str, cardinalities)))
-            self.file.write("adj=c(%s)," % ",".join(map(str, neighbors)))
+            self.file.write("num=c({}),".format(",".join(map(str, cardinalities))))
+            self.file.write("adj=c({}),".format(",".join(map(str, neighbors))))
             self.file.write("sumNumNeigh=%i)" % sum(cardinalities))
             self.pos += 1
 
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gwt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gwt.py
index d2a76918f..6ca87c05a 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gwt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/gwt.py
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ def write(self, obj):
             self._writelines(obj)
 
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mat.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mat.py
index 525f6e333..5e90891d5 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mat.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mat.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def write(self, obj):
             sio.savemat(self.file, {"WEIGHT": w})
             self.pos += 1
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mtx.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mtx.py
index 87565c884..cb9d59de1 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mtx.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/mtx.py
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ def write(self, obj):
             )
             self.pos += 1
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyDbfIO.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyDbfIO.py
index 191db3d4a..8a8ac1448 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyDbfIO.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyDbfIO.py
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def _get_col(self, key: str) -> list:
         """
 
         if key not in self._col_index:
-            raise AttributeError("Field: %s does not exist in header." % key)
+            raise AttributeError(f"Field: {key} does not exist in header.")
 
         prevPos = self.tell()
         idx, offset = self._col_index[key]
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyShpIO.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyShpIO.py
index 4ee72c1ac..6ed8dcd9d 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyShpIO.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/pyShpIO.py
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def __writer(self, shape):
         """
 
         if TYPE_TO_STRING[type(shape)] != self.type:
-            raise TypeError("This file only supports %s type shapes." % self.type)
+            raise TypeError(f"This file only supports {self.type} type shapes.")
 
         rec = {}
         rec["Shape Type"] = shp_file.SHAPE_TYPES[self.type]
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/stata_txt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/stata_txt.py
index 9a94f6480..50c62e377 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/stata_txt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/stata_txt.py
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ def write(self, obj, matrix_form=False):
         self._complain_ifclosed(self.closed)
 
         if issubclass(type(obj), W):
-            header = "%s\n" % obj.n
+            header = f"{obj.n}\n"
             self.file.write(header)
             if matrix_form:
 
@@ -271,9 +271,9 @@ def wgt2line(obs_id, neighbor, _):
 
             for id_ in obj.id_order:
                 line = wgt2line(id_, obj.neighbors[id_], obj.weights[id_])
-                self.file.write("%s\n" % " ".join(line))
+                self.file.write("{}\n".format(" ".join(line)))
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/template.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/template.py
index 21c10562d..e016a06b3 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/template.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/template.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def foobar(c):
             self.pos += 1
 
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a string, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a string, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     # default is to raise "NotImplementedError"
     def flush(self):
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def write(self, obj):
             self.fileObj.write(result + "\n")
             self.pos += 1
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a string, got: %s" % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a string, got: {type(obj)}")
 
     def flush(self):
         self._complain_ifclosed(self.closed)
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_dbf.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_dbf.py
index 17cb820cd..fc14f8989 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_dbf.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_dbf.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_read(self):
                 )
         assert w.n == 88
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 5.25
-        assert [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] == list(w[1].values())
+        assert list(w[1].values()) == [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_swm.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_swm.py
index 9254d3253..ece61b801 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_swm.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_swm.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def test_read(self):
         w = self.obj.read()
         assert w.n == 88
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 5.25
-        assert [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] == list(w[1].values())
+        assert list(w[1].values()) == [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_txt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_txt.py
index 19b2b6bc5..e28936a69 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_txt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_arcgis_txt.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_read(self):
                 ) in str(warn[0].message)
         assert w.n == 3
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 2.0
-        assert [0.1, 0.05] == list(w[2].values())
+        assert list(w[2].values()) == [0.1, 0.05]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_dat.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_dat.py
index d7e0f525d..9bf96da9b 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_dat.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_dat.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def test_read(self):
         w = self.obj.read()
         assert w.n == 49
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 4.7346938775510203
-        assert [0.5, 0.5] == list(w[5.0].values())
+        assert list(w[5.0].values()) == [0.5, 0.5]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gal.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gal.py
index c2c8da302..78fcfe67b 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gal.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gal.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ def setup_method(self):
         self.obj = GalIO(test_file, "r")
 
     def test___init__(self):
-        assert self.obj._typ == str
+        assert self.obj._typ == str  # noqa: E721
 
     def test_close(self):
         f = self.obj
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_geobugs_txt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_geobugs_txt.py
index 1e97005e3..3a23eb193 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_geobugs_txt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_geobugs_txt.py
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ def test_read(self):
         w_scot = self.obj_scot.read()
         assert w_scot.n == 56
         assert w_scot.mean_neighbors == 4.1785714285714288
-        assert [1.0, 1.0, 1.0] == list(w_scot[1].values())
+        assert list(w_scot[1].values()) == [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
 
         w_col = self.obj_col.read()
         assert w_col.n == 49
         assert w_col.mean_neighbors == 4.6938775510204085
-        assert [0.5, 0.5] == list(w_col[1].values())
+        assert list(w_col[1].values()) == [0.5, 0.5]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gwt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gwt.py
index 70227804b..b28dce19e 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gwt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_gwt.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def test_read(self):
         assert w.n == 168
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 16.678571428571427
         w.transform = "B"
-        assert [1.0] == list(w[1].values())
+        assert list(w[1].values()) == [1.0]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mat.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mat.py
index bff672270..2f2f7b479 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mat.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mat.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def test_read(self):
         w = self.obj.read()
         assert w.n == 46
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 4.0869565217391308
-        assert [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] == list(w[1].values())
+        assert list(w[1].values()) == [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mtx.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mtx.py
index 11770cddd..c18ee64ba 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mtx.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_mtx.py
@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@ def test_read(self):
         w = self.obj.read()
         assert w.n == 49
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 4.7346938775510203
-        assert [0.33329999999999999, 0.33329999999999999, 0.33329999999999999] == list(
-            w[1].values()
-        )
+        assert list(w[1].values()) == [
+            0.33329999999999999,
+            0.33329999999999999,
+            0.33329999999999999,
+        ]
         s0 = w.s0
         self.obj.seek(0)
         wsp = self.obj.read(sparse=True)
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_pyDbfIO.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_pyDbfIO.py
index 09c455fde..c504dd144 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_pyDbfIO.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_pyDbfIO.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def test_tell(self):
     def test_cast(self):
         assert self.dbObj._spec == []
         self.dbObj.cast("FIPSSTCO", float)
-        assert self.dbObj._spec[1] == float
+        assert self.dbObj._spec[1] == float  # noqa: E721
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.dbObj.seek(0)
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_stata_txt.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_stata_txt.py
index 0c86b5a24..5421f7b74 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_stata_txt.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_stata_txt.py
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ def test_read(self):
         w_sparse = self.obj_sparse.read()
         assert w_sparse.n == 56
         assert w_sparse.mean_neighbors == 4.0
-        assert [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] == list(w_sparse[1].values())
+        assert list(w_sparse[1].values()) == [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
 
         w_full = self.obj_full.read()
         assert w_full.n == 56
         assert w_full.mean_neighbors == 4.0
-        assert [0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125] == list(w_full[1].values())
+        assert list(w_full[1].values()) == [0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125, 0.125]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_wk1.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_wk1.py
index b2f1b6180..43157aeaa 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_wk1.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/tests/test_wk1.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def test_read(self):
         w = self.obj.read()
         assert w.n == 46
         assert w.mean_neighbors == 4.0869565217391308
-        assert [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0] == list(w[1].values())
+        assert list(w[1].values()) == [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
 
     def test_seek(self):
         self.test_read()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/wk1.py b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/wk1.py
index 33ca16755..b72860577 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/iohandlers/wk1.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/iohandlers/wk1.py
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ def write(self, obj):
             self.pos += 1
 
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Expected a PySAL weights object, got: %s." % (type(obj)))
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a PySAL weights object, got: {type(obj)}.")
 
     def close(self):
         self.file.close()
diff --git a/libpysal/io/tables.py b/libpysal/io/tables.py
index af0928915..89a1df35d 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/tables.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/tables.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         fileio.FileIO.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "DataTable: %s" % self.dataPath
+        return f"DataTable: {self.dataPath}"
 
     def __len__(self):
         """__len__ should be implemented by `DataTable` subclasses."""
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _get_col(self, key):
         if key in self.header:
             return self[:, self.header.index(key)]
         else:
-            raise AttributeError("Field: %s does not exist in header." % key)
+            raise AttributeError(f"Field: {key} does not exist in header.")
 
     def by_col_array(self, *args):
         """Return columns of table as a ``numpy.ndarray``.
diff --git a/libpysal/io/util/tests/test_weight_converter.py b/libpysal/io/util/tests/test_weight_converter.py
index 87a47b1f4..c4b292b9a 100644
--- a/libpysal/io/util/tests/test_weight_converter.py
+++ b/libpysal/io/util/tests/test_weight_converter.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def test_write(self):
             for ext, dataformat in self.fileformats:
                 if f.lower().endswith(ext):
                     continue
-                temp_f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".%s" % ext)
+                temp_f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=f".{ext}")
                 temp_fname = temp_f.name
                 temp_f.close()
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def test_weight_convert(self):
             for ext, dataformat in self.fileformats:
                 if f.lower().endswith(ext):
                     continue
-                temp_f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".%s" % ext)
+                temp_f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=f".{ext}")
                 out_file = temp_f.name
                 temp_f.close()
                 out_data_format, use_id_index, matrix_form = dataformat, False, False
diff --git a/libpysal/weights/weights.py b/libpysal/weights/weights.py
index f24141769..8e582953f 100644
--- a/libpysal/weights/weights.py
+++ b/libpysal/weights/weights.py
@@ -218,8 +218,8 @@ def __init__(
             )
             ni = len(self.islands)
             if ni == 1:
-                message = message + "\n There is 1 island with id: %s." % (
-                    str(self.islands[0])
+                message = (
+                    message + f"\n There is 1 island with id: {str(self.islands[0])}."
                 )
             elif ni > 1:
                 message = message + "\n There are %d islands with ids: %s." % (